Which stage indicates that children begin to develop a sense of self and independence, often leading to conflict with authority?

The stage that indicates children begin to develop a sense of self and independence is the Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt stage. During this period, typically occurring between the ages of 1 and 3, children start to assert their independence by engaging in new experiences and making choices. This development of autonomy is crucial as it shapes their self-esteem and self-regulation.

As children explore their environment, they often encounter boundaries set by parents or caregivers, which can lead to conflicts when they attempt to assert their independence. If children are encouraged and supported in their efforts, they become confident in their abilities. However, if they are overly restrained or criticized, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their capabilities.

In this context, the Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt stage is fundamental in understanding how children learn to navigate their desires for independence within a social framework, impacting their future interactions and relationships. It highlights the balance between guidance from authority figures and the need for personal agency in early childhood development.