What is the awareness and understanding of one's thinking processes to monitor and regulate learning called?

The correct answer, metacognition, refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. It involves monitoring and regulating cognitive activities while learning. Metacognition encompasses two key components: knowledge of one's cognitive abilities (understanding what one knows and doesn't know) and regulation of those cognitive processes (planning, monitoring, and evaluating one's learning strategies and outcomes).

By being metacognitive, learners can adjust their approaches based on their awareness of how they learn best, which can enhance their overall learning effectiveness. For example, a student may recognize that they struggle with a particular type of material and consciously choose to employ different study techniques or seek additional help, thereby proactively managing their learning experience.

Other terms in the options reflect different concepts related to learning but do not specifically address the self-reflection and self-regulation aspects central to metacognition. Retrieval practice relates to recalling information from memory to strengthen learning. Feedback refers to information provided about performance to guide improvement. Learning science encompasses the broader study of how people learn, including various principles and strategies but does not specifically focus on self-awareness in cognitive processes.